Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money related Crisis - Essay Example ese foundations have wrongly evaluated the degree of danger of their activities and uncovered their business, just as different partners to gigantic misfortunes. This conduct was supported by FICO assessment organizations, which because of certain irreconcilable circumstances, flopped in accurately making a decision about the degree of danger of a significant number of these establishments, and minimized some of them when it was past the point where it is possible to have any kind of effect. Other reason which leaded to the breakdown of the budgetary framework was a mix of unnecessary obtaining, higher hazard taking, and absence of straightforwardness. Major U.S. banks flopped in their appraisal of hazard by taking an excessive amount of influence, by giving credit too effectively, and by not unveiling accurately all the data of their activities to the general population. The administration assumed additionally a job in this money related emergency. By not taking the proper activities to stop this emergency, the administration just made more frenzy and vulnerability in the money related markets. It likewise bombed in guaranteeing that controllers are carrying out their responsibility dispassionately, and to the greatest advantage of all gatherings in the budgetary markets. At last, the emergency can likewise be ascribed to contract securitization and to over-the-counter subordinates (for the most part to credit default trades). The multifaceted nature of these instruments, and above all the absence of guideline in this issue caused an anchored disappointment of the whole monetary

Modern Tragic Hero Essay -- Character Analysis, Willy Loman

Passing of a Salesman, considered as Author Millers generally practiced and effective plays, includes the life of Willy Loman, a fanciful sales rep with a pretentious arrangement to live the American dream. Subsequently to the shocking occasions of Willy Loman’s life beginning with his father’s relinquishment, and closure with his self destruction, Willy Loman never carries on with the existence he has consistently envisioned. Albeit, seemingly ruined as a sad legend, Willy Loman achieves the characteristics basic to acknowledge him as a deplorable saint of present day times. Regardless of whether Willy Loman is a deplorable saint in Death of a Salesman’s has been a subject of debate since the play’s first creation. Conventional Aristotelian impression of a catastrophe affirms that a terrible saint must be of respectable plummet by birth or soul (Nienhuis 2). In any case, Author Miller’s article â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† claims the Aristotelian view, and demands â€Å"the defect, or break in the character, is truly nothingâ€and need be nothing, however his intrinsic reluctance to stay detached notwithstanding what he imagines to be a test to his dignity.† Miller pronounces that in all catastrophes a saint mirrors a sad blemish that need not come uniquely through respectable drop yet through a battle to remain in one’s position. In right now, customary catastrophe neglects to summon feelings dependent on an absence of direct involvement in legends of respectable position. Hence, the position of a charac ter â€Å"no longer raises our interests, nor our ideas of justice,† as it would have already since we don't live in a period controlled by rulers and sovereigns (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3). Today feelings are evoked through the agony and enduring of the basic man on the grounds that as times change so do the people that individuals can relate to.... ... thought about despicable. By and by, Willy’s self destruction cuts the profound into the feelings causing a sentiment of dejection for his sake since he overwhelmingly attempted to give an incredible life to his family and never could. In a last investigation, Willy Loman comes up short, and doesn't fit Aristotle’s exacting meaning of a disastrous saint. Regardless of the old meaning of a disastrous legend, Willy Loman bids to our feelings, has a few shocking imperfections, and somewhat understands his wrongs. Accordingly, Willy Loman is a typical deplorable saint in right now. Times have definitely changed since Aristotle, and it is the ideal opportunity for an adjustment in how an appalling saint is seen. Arthur Miller gives ideal avocation to a typical heartbreaking legend he states, â€Å"I accept that the regular man is as adept a subject for catastrophe in its most noteworthy sense as rulers were† (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3).

Practitioner Faculty Members at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Practitioner Faculty Members at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following blog entry was prepared by Sandhya Chari, an MPA student concentrating in Economic and Political Development. _______________________ When I reflect on what Ive learned at SIPA, I find myself very appreciative of my opportunity to study under adjunct faculty. While the full time professors have been nothing short of excellent, I would never have anticipated the importance or impact of the practitioners in my academic career. Last year, I had the opportunity to take Tools for Advocacy, taught by two professors from George Soros foundation, OSI, and a course in Microenterprise Development taught by a professor who also works full time at Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI). This semester I also have the good fortune of taking a course in Microfinance with a professor who spends the majority of his time working at Oxfam. For me, these courses have all provided that necessary real world touch that I wanted out of my policy education. Of course, I know the importance of economics, statistics and development theory and I enjoy those course as well, however these other classes have offered something uniquely different. They have provided opportunities for real world hands on learning, with more feedback for learning without the risks that come with the real world. Like most of my peers, I worked before coming back to SIPA, but one of the biggest reasons for my return to school was that I wanted a shift in my career. As such, a lot of what I hope to do after graduate school will be new for me. For this reason, it is great to get my feet wet in an academic setting first. For example, I had never before encountered a request for proposal or had the need to apply an advertising campaign to a policy issue. My classes taught by professionals currently in the field have given me the opportunity to do these things. They have presented me with work that is identical to what they deal with every day, and have allowed me to learn the basics of creating these things in an academic environment. Further, they have provided a great meeting point of academic theory and practice. The professors assign the readings that they know shape their work and then show how those readings are regularly applied in their professional environment. This makes the experience of doing the reading much more interesting as it shows direct use and application beyond classroom discussion. In addition to these practical skills, working with practitioners has also allowed for an opportunity to meet with professionals in the fields I am interested in. Having sustained interaction in a non-professional setting with these professors has allowed me to catch a different glimpse into their work lives. It has allowed me also to seek their mentorship regarding career possibilities and to explore other areas that might be of interest to me based on their course or organization. In short, they serve as one stop resources where students are able to learn about their field of interest in setting that is academic and professional at the same time. These classes have been invaluable to my time here at SIPA, in fact this summer I was able to directly use things I learned in my micro-enterprise course. I found my bosses referencing the authors we had read, and I found discussions at meetings focused around topics we studied in the classroom. I had never before experienced a melding of classroom and conference room in quite that way before. Im really thankful that I have the chance here to work with faculty who are in the field I see myself working in some day.

Essay about International Business Disneyland Assignment

Table of Contents:- Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Company Overview 5 Attractiveness of the market 7 Country Factor Analysis 7 ââ€" ª Political Factor 7 ââ€" ª Economic Factor 9 ââ€" ª Social Factor 9 ââ€" ª Cultural Factor 10 ââ€" ª Legal Factor 11 ââ€" ª Religious Factor 12 Conclusion 12 References 13 Executive Summary:- Introduction:- [pic] The world is getting smaller and smaller by new ways of technology and modes of communication. With the rapid changes in the globalization now every country is on the pathway to develop the international trade with different countries. India being a developing country developed countries like United States; United Kingdom etc. are keen on launching their†¦show more content†¦Mickey Mouse is one of the most popular and successful character designed by Walt Disney, the series of Snow white and the series of Seven Dwarfs Also. The Disney World Comprises of: - 1) Magic Kingdom: The magic kingdom has the theme parks and various resorts which forms the main business of the company. Disneyland is not just home for Disney characters, but it is also home for its visitors, Disneyland has resorts and parks for visitors to give them a peaceful stay. The construction of parks and resorts had begin in 1952, Anaheim, California. Construction of park and resorts brought great booming change in revenue of Disneyland. The successful chain of Disneyland resorts was started among world’s different continents, some of theme parks around the globe are as follows: ââ€" ª Disneyland Resort, Anaheim, California is the main hub, from where Disneyland eventually grew up. ââ€" ª Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, Florida ââ€" ª Tokyo Disney Resort, Urayasu, Chiba ââ€" ª Disneyland Resort, Paris, Marne La Valle ââ€" ª Hong Kong Disneyland, penny’s bay, Lantau island 2) Epcot 3) Disney MGM studios 4) Disney Animal Kingdom 5) Bilggard Beach The main objective of the company is to give the best value for the money and experience for life time. 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Elizabeth Ann Seton And Raissa Maritain - 1512 Words

Elizabeth Ann Seton and Raà ¯ssa Maritain both valued education in a way that was unprecedented for young women during the era in which they grew up. Once Seton and Maritain converted to Catholicism, they dedicated their lives to spreading the notion of love, faith, and knowledge to eager students. The most comparable aspects of their spirituality lie within their zealous education and missionary work once they converted. Both Maritain and Seton dedicated their lives to Christ in unique, yet comparable ways through how they chose to spread the word of God and educate others. Starting from an early age, both Elizabeth Ann Seton and Raà ¯ssa Maritain enjoyed the benefits of a formal education. Seton’s father, a physician, served as her role model, leading her towards her academic goals. After his death in 1801 , Seton still continued educating herself and immersing herself in scripture. Her marriage to William Magee Seton and the birth of her children pushed her even further i nto academia and religion as she continued to write and journal her thoughts, daily activities, and hardships. Raà ¯ssa Maritain, very similarly, had a formal education beginning at the age of seven years old. Maritain grew up in a Jewish household in imperial Russia. Her mother, knowing that her daughter would not receive a fair and equal education as a Jewish girl during such a controversial time period, moved the family to Paris, France. There, Raà ¯ssa blossomed and continued her education as it was

Abortion the most controversial issues in America Free Essays

string(95) " having an abortion in Sweden because she was worried that her child was going to be disabled\." Nina Emmrich English 1 Abortion Guy Thorvaldsen 14, April 14, 2013 Abortion, this is one of the most controversial issues in America. It’s been an issue for over 200 years. In 1973 it was protected under law. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion: the most controversial issues in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now But today it isn’t. Most American’s believe that it’s a sin to have an abortion while others see it as a choice to do it. There have been many legal cases against and also for abortion. Many have won but many have lost. This issue will never end. It will always be an argument. By having an abortion the mother is killing and innocent child who has no say in it. The family and father should also have a say in it as well. A little before the 1800’s states practiced some form of the English Common Law which happened to also lack codification. Abortion and unwed pregnancy didn’t exist in this time period. Finding the history of abortion is more difficult than people can imagine because there aren’t very many records of it to go off of. Starting in the 1600’s, there was the first conviction of the intent to abort a child. This went down in the state of Maryland, and then four years later another girl was arrested for murder because she had an abortion. This also happened in Maryland, but that case was dropped after the woman married the only witness who of course refused to testify. Another case that happened was in 1710 where Virginia Law made it a capital crime to be pregnant and then be found with a dead baby. In 1719 Delaware made it that anyone who counseled abortion or even infanticide an accessory to murder. According to Olasky’s notes â€Å"infanticide was probably the most frequent way of killing unwanted, illegitimate children†. â€Å"Abortifacients were known to and used in the early America. But by using them â€Å"was like playing Russian roulette with three bullets in the chamber†. So already there are beginning to make it a crime to have abortions. (abort73. com) There are many key factors that went into the process of deciding a case. They didn’t always have specific legislation for abortion and infanticide, those who did happened to have the same problem. It was impossible to have the right evidence to convict someone, and even more so pregnancy was hard to confirm. There was never a corpse or a witness to prove it. But on the bright side there was a great deal of the ury that had sympathy for the abandoned and desperate woman. Either way there was a lot of non-legislative factors that had been working against infanticide and abortion. A major factor was that the man should â€Å"act honorably† and propose to the women if he got her pregnant before they were married. (abort73. com) To give more to the influence of the society was the religious a nd scientific community. They condemned abortion both for how the bible speaks of an unborn child and also for the well-known testimony of church pillars like John Calvin who forbade abortion. From the 1600’s-1800’s the scientific community believed that babies actually existed before they were conceived. This was also another anti-abortion influence. The difficulty confirming pregnancy before quickening made early abortions almost impossible, and late term abortions ruined marriage prospects, and were extremely dangerous. (Abort73. com pg. 2) There’s more to the history than just the community. Lawmakers had to start dealing with abortion in the late 1800’s. It was 1821 when the first abortion legislation had passes in Connecticut. The lawmakers everywhere else tried to keep up. New York legislation changed on abortion 10 times between 1828 and 1881. (Abort73. com) Abortion should be illegal. When women have abortions they are killing innocent children. It’s a sin to do so. Of course it’s a choice of the mother but what about the family. What about the father? Don’t they have a say in what happens to their child. As America grew and expanded, most of the support mechanisms that helped provide for women during their crisis pregnancies had begun to want. The increase in social isolation and separation through urbanization had removed the societal and familial safety net for pregnant and non-married women had to fall back on. The concealment of a women’s pregnancy alone with smothering the baby after it was born was then considered a choice. Therefore abortion was beginning to get a foothold, but it was still not considered legitimate or legal. The frequency of was increasing as more young women found alone and pregnant. Dr. John Trader of Missouri stated that â€Å"contended that men were (the ones) pushing women into abortion†. So it goes to show that the men are also part of the abortion’s happening. (abort73. com) Slowly the opposition of abortion began to lose a lot of its moral framework. In the med. Books abortion was beginning to be counseled against for the potential risks as it had been presented to many women instead of the life being destroyed. It was said that â€Å"the right to destroy† became the central belief to a women named Margaret Sanger. She began to expose it in publicity. She would celebrate the virtue of sexual promiscuity and she would attack any women’s shelter. She then would have gone on to fount Planned Parenthood which still today remains the largest abortion provider in the United States. The government funding was required to remove all religious indoctrination and professional social workers replaced the evangelically-oriented matrons. The compassion shifted from helping to do what is right to doing whatever people feel like doing. (abort73. com) The birth control issue split the pro-life community for many years and hamstrung their efforts during the crucial 1960’s. (abort73. om) In the year of 1962 there were reports of a women who died form and illegal abortion and she was then cut into pieces which had horrified the entire nation. Sherri Finkbine became famous women for having an abortion in Sweden because she was worried that her child was going to be disabled. You read "Abortion: the most controversial issues in America" in category "Papers" An average American had begun to see illegal abortion instead of abortion itself as the real problem. In the year of 1967 Colorado and California became the first states to legalize abortions for only pregnancies that resulted in rape, incest, or pregnancies that threatened the life of a women as well as a pregnancy of a severely handicapped child. Then within the next three years, Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina and Virginia soon followed. Then in 1970 New York became one of the first states to offer unrestricted abortion, but only during the first 24 weeks of the women’s pregnancy. Then in 1971 the Roe v. Wade case came to trial. The verdict was decided in 1973 which was that all state laws regulating abortion were strict. And the demand became the law of the land. So as you can see that abortion had a lot of history in front of it, but does it still make it right for it to be legal? Some believe that abortion should only be legal for certain reasons, such as Rape victims. While many disagree with this option there are many who do agree. A woman who was raped and is carrying the rapist baby should have the right to decide what she would like to do with the baby. It’s not the court’s decision it’s hers. It’s been a woman’s right since the Roe V. Wade case that abortion is legal. This caused an outrage. There were protests out on the steps of the courthouse where people were screaming that they are allowing woman to kill innocent children. And they have a point too. Killing a child when they have no say in it is considered murder to some people. Anytime you kill a human being is murder so how is this any different. A woman in the army was 19 and was in an abusive relationship and he had gotten her pregnant. She didn’t want to tell him. She was called a whore, a tramp and embarrassment to her family. They told her to come home and discuss it as a family. Well little did she know they had made an appointment for her to get an abortion. No matter what she said it was all wrong. Her oldest brother whom she respected wouldn’t even talk to her he was so ashamed of her. Her family kept telling her to get an abortion but she was against it. The argument lasted 3 hours and finally she went to bed. But her family wouldn’t leave her alone until she made a decision. She was denied food that night and when she awoke the next morning she was denied food as well. So she finally gave in and they drove her to the clinic. She had the abortion and she saw a 16 year old girl in there and she hugged her and they cried together. Her parents as well as her brothers never apologized for their actions. Her take away from this experience is that she can be compassionate to young teens that have made the horrible choice of having an abortion. She is now 47, married with 2 children and adopting a third. This story shows that there is regret to getting an abortion. She never stopped thinking of her first child. She told her now 21 year old daughter who had gotten pregnant 19 about what happened and her granddaughter is now one year old. There will always be that regret of having a child. (abort73. om) There was a case called Roe v. Wade. This was a case between a single pregnant that brought a class action challenge to the constitutionality of the Texas criminal abortion laws by procuring or attempting an abortion on medical terms for the mother. A licensed physician named Hallford who had to cases pending against him was somehow permitted to intervene. A married couple who were unable to bare a child separately at tacked the laws as well based on alleged injury from the failure of contraceptives, pregnancy as well as impairment of the wife’s health. Roe and Hallford were standing to sue and presented justiciable controversies. The court decided to that the abortion status void as vague as those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court granted declaratory relief to Roe and Hallford. It was then decided in 1973 that the Court’s ruled that the Texas criminal abortion statures are unconstitutional. (Cornell. edu) There are places that do abortions. These are called abortion clinics. The main one that is most popular is Planned Parenthood. These places should not exist. Allowing young teens to come in and murder their child is wrong. In the case Planned Parenthood v. Casey the Supreme Court considered a Pennsylvania law that imposed the regulations on abortion. This case was not directly connected to Roe v. Wade. Although the Court didn’t contend that Roe v. Wade was a correct application of reasoned judgment. In extreme arrogance the Court declared â€Å"where the performance of its judicial duties, the Court decides the case in such way as to resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in Roe and those rare comparable cases†¦. Contending sides of a national controversy to end their national division by accepting a common mandate rooted in the constitution. † In this case Planned Parenthood because of the case Roe v. Wade and how abortion is legal because it’s a national law. (Lifenews. com) There are so many reasons as to why abortion should not be legal but we have to look at the other side of the picture. We have to look at reasons why is should be legal and the reasons behind that. The big reason is Rape victims. Why should they have to carry the rapist’s baby. They should have every right to get rid of it. And with abortion being legal they can. To them it’s not a sin. They are getting rid of something that was part of a horror that they went through. They have the right to decide and to them they aren’t doing the wrong thing they are doing the right thing. No one can stop them. They have the freedom to choose. Abortion is used for many different reasons. Those reasons can be that the mother was raped and didn’t want to keep the child or if they didn’t abort the mother would die. These are two serious reasons as to why some people are for abortion. It can save someone’s life when it comes to the decision of life or death. Or it could be the free release from something tragic that happened to someone. Abortion isn’t all bad in some ways. Those two reasons are important to some people. A mother who doesn’t want to carry a rapist’s baby shouldn’t have to. And if the child is killing the mother and abortion is the only way to save her life then do it. There are medical reasons to do abortions. Not just personal. Not only is it the mother’s decision but it should also be the father’s decision as well. He should have a right to decide whether the baby lives or not. He helped create it. It’s unfair to think that he will never be able to see is child because the mother aborted it without him knowing. It’s unfair. Every father should have the right of say in what happens to his child. Then there’s the issue of the family. The family should also have a say in what happens as well. They can help take care of the baby. Be there for the mother. Help her along the way. Help her, guide her. Give her and the baby love. They will be there for. The mother should want that, should have that. The families are supposed to be there for their children. Love them no matter what happens to them. They will love their grandchildren just the same. So they should have a right of say as well. They will help guide the mother through the tough times. They will be there for her and the child, no matter what. So with all that history and all that information, have you come to a conclusion as to whether you are for or against it. You should be against it. It’s murder. Killing an innocent child is just wrong. Everyone has the right to do as they please but in common sense it’s the worst thing you could do. There are other options like keeping the baby or giving it up for adoption. Why kill the baby when you can give it life. Give it a home, a place to eat, sleep, live and be happy. Or give it to a family whose always wanted a child but could never have one of their own. Give that baby a future. Don’t kill it. It deserves to live. Everyone deserves to live. Not die. It’s wrong. So with all this information, I hope you’ve made the right decision as to whose side you’re on. Killing an innocent child is wrong, and it needs to be stopped. How to cite Abortion: the most controversial issues in America, Papers

Knowledge Based Approach To Product Concept-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Knowledge Based Approach To Product Concept? Answer: Introduction: The aim of the assignment is to critically analyse the marketing management concepts and compare between them. The study takes Apple, the multinational manufacturer of iphones, tablets and other computer hardwares as the base of the study. The six marketing concepts compared are production concept, product concept, sales concept, marketing concept, consumer concept and profit concept. Production concept: According to Jalonen et al. (2016), the production concept was prevalent in the 1950s when the business organisations were concerned more about production and manufacturing. The production concept stands on Says Law, which says that if a product is manufactured in the market, it will always find consumers to buy it. Compared to the marketing concept, in case of production concept, the producers believed that consumers would choose from the products and services available in the market. These products were made available to the consumers at low cost. The business organisations concentrated on production maximum units of products to earn high amount of profits and obtain economies of scale. The producers considered the tastes and preferences of the consumers secondary to their own needs to produce high number of units of goods and sell them to the consumers to earn high profits. The production concept of marketing was applicable when the goods and services are available in the market h ave low cost and there are high demands for them(Radke et al. 2014). Thus, analysis shows that the production concept was not appropriate for multinational companies like Apple who make expensive high value products like tablets and mobile smart phones. The company has to incur huge investment in hardware and software technology to manufacture these products and hence require selling them to appropriate customer segments to generate high profits. Thus, it can be inferred that production concept paid very less importance to the needs of the customers and is not appropriate for modern companies. Application of production concept in Apple: An analysis of the production concept shows that it laid more emphasis on the needs of the producers to mass produce goods to sell them to the consumers to earn high profits. A deeper analysis of the production concept reveals the following advantages: Economies of scale: Baumers et al.(2016) state that the producers concentrated on attaining economies of scale by mass-producing products and selling them to buyers at lower prices. Hence, the aim of the producers was not customer satisfaction but to earn economies of scale. This ensured a large number of products were available to buyers at low costs. Mirzaei, Moore and Liu (2013) say that contradictory to the cheap goods, which are sold under the production concept, Apple sells expensive mobile phones. The company invests a huge amount of money to manufacture these electronic goods. Thus, it is 1required to target the upper class customers to sell the smart phones at high price to recycle the investment amount back into its account as revenue. Thus, it needs to consider the customer segments and hence, it can construed that production concept is not applicable for Apple. Reduced marketing costs: Mirzaei, Moore and Liu (2013) say that the production concept reveal that the producers concentrated on mass-producing products to earn high price and consumer convenience was considered secondary. This clearly points out to lack of marketing activities to inform the buyers about the products and letting them choose. This trend led to the reduced marketing costs of the producers and the consumers had to choose from the small variety of products available. It can be contradicted from the view of Apple that the reduced marketing is not acceptable to the company, which invests huge capital to make its expensive products(Hoberg and Phillips 2016). Thus, from this angle it can be stated that production concept is not applicable for modern companies like Apple. Lack of product differentiation: Hoberg and Phillips (2016) state that the production concept clearly shows that compared to the product concept, the producers did not pay attention to the needs of the consumers and mass produced goods to earn profits. This left very less scope for product differentiation and the products of the producers eventually lost their unique characteristics. Imai et al. (2015) state that the producers as a results were not able to obtain consumer loyalty, which limited their repeated business profit generation. Thus, this concept is not applicable for multinational IT companies like Apple because they manufacture high-involvement electronic products for the consumers. It is crucial that Apple achieves product differentiation to make its smart phones and tablets stand apart from its competitors products in the market. Thus, the lack of product differentiation attribute of production concept is not applicable for Apple. Product Concept: Imai, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) state that the product concept refers to the marketing concept of displaying the best attributes and maximum characteristics of the products. The product concept of marketing is a development on the production concept where the producers target their audience groups before selling their products. Jalonen et al. (2016) support the opinion and states that in comparison to production concept considers that consumers prefer commodities with highest quality, which would create high utility for them. This analysis shows that the product concept compared to the production Advertising only to sell the products and not for customer relationship building: The producers advertise the best features of their products to the buyers to sell them. The advantage of this approach is the producers were able to target the appropriate consumer groups who bought the products. This earned them loyal base of consumers and who bought their products thereby generating high profits for them(Cassia et al. 215). This again shows that product concept like production concept is not applicable for use in Apple. This is because the concept does not incorporate advertising of goods and simply selling them based on their features. This process is not capable of earning high profit in the long run and hence is not appropriate for Apple(Mirzaei, Moore and Liu 2013). Sole emphasis on product engineering: Baumers et al. (2016) say the producers believed that consumers would buy highly engineered products and spent less on marketing them. They were as a result able to allocate more amounts of resources towards making high quality products rather than spending on marketing them. Axelson and Svensson (2013) contradicts this opinion and opine it can be pointed out that lack of marketing activities would result in weakening of the brand value of Apple and it would lose its customers to its competitors. Hence, this concept of large customer base buying products merely due to engineering attributes does not apply for Apple. Neglect of advertising: The producers relied on the approach that products sell due to high qualities and neglected advertising. As a result, they were not able to attract a large number of consumers, which limited their profitability(Relich, ?wc and Gola 2015). There was still lack of product differentiation because the producers did not carry out large-scale marketing to know the needs of the consumers. Axelson et al. (2013) supports this view and opine that this often led to stocking of large amount of finished products because of over production and lack of advertisement of them. Apple cannot afford to have a lot investments in storing finished goods because that would hamper its financial liquidity. Thus the company requires to sell its products to its customers on a continual basis so that it can plough back the amount invested in the products by selling them to the customers. Sales concept: As per Hoberg and Phillips(2016) the sales concept stands on the assumption that companies sell what they make and promote. The producers which practice the sales approach believe that consumers will buy products which are sold aggressively and promoted in the market. Similar to the product concept, the producers do not emphasise on building relationship with the consumers and assume that consumers forget their disliking for a product and may buy it in the future. Trujillo?Ponce (2013) support this theory and state the sales concept is not capable of earning profit in the long run because it does not try to build customer relationship and hence has limited use in multinational companies like Apple. This because since the customers cannot relate to the producers, they tend to switch from one producer to another which impairs the profitability of companies in the long run. Application of sales concept in Apple: The advantage of sales concept in comparison to the product concept is that the producers concentrate on marketing the products to sell them to the consumers. This leads to mass selling and earns high profits for the producers. However Radke et al.(2014) points out that mass selling without customer relationship building is applicable for cheap goods. It is not applicable for expensive goods like Apple which requires huge initial investment in technology and human resources. The company requires building strong and long term relationship with its customers to be able generate repeat business. Hence, the sales concept is not applicable for Apple due to its lack of customer relationship attribute. Lack of after sales services: Axelson and Svensson(2013) say that the biggest disadvantage of the sales concept is that the producers concentrated on promoting their goods to sell them to consumers and not to create relationship with them. The sale of goods left very little scope for after sales services. Hoberg and Phillips(2016) supports Alexson and Svensson and state that this lack of relationship between the consumers led to limited repeat business, which did not allow the producers to acquire loyal consumer base and earn perpetual profits. This lack of customer relationship would lead to loss of customers and consequent loss of market position would lead to erosion of profitability of Apple. Hence, sales concept is also not applicable like product and production concept in case of Apple. Marketing Concept: Baumers et al. (2016) state that marketing concept believed that marketing of products in the markets is important for the business organisation sell their products to the right customer segments and earn high profits. A comparison between the product, production, selling and marketing concept shows that the first three concepts were oriented with the profit making needs of the producers. The marketing concept emphasises on the needs of the consumers before offering them products rather than offering them what the producers have to offer them. Axelson and Svensson(2013) support this opinion and state that multinational companies like Apple follow this approach. Apple makes expensive electronic high involvement consumer goods like mobile phones and tablets. They are expensive and require a lot of investment in research and development from Apple to manufacture them. The multinational company advertises its products to attract the upper middle and upper class consumer segments who have enough disposable income to buy its products. Applicability of marketing concept: Cassia et al.(2015) state that the marketing concept stresses on advertising products to the consumers to know their needs before offering them products. This leads to the producers selling their products to appropriate customers segments, which earn them huge profits. Imai, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) support this view and say that multinational companies like Apple use this approach to target the appropriate consumer groups and sell their products to them to earn high profits. Applicable for high involvement products like Apple phones: The previous three approaches were not appropriate for high priced products like Apple iphone. The high involvement consumer products require huge investment from the producers towards research and development and technology. Hence, the marketing approach ensures that companies are able to target appropriate customer segments and sell products to them to earn high revenue. Cassia et al.(2015) state that the marketing concept requires the companies to invest huge amount of resources in marketing of products to reach out to appropriate consumer bases. The marketing cost adds to the cost of production of the producing companies, which cannot be borne by small firms. This leads to low sale in those small firms who cannot promote their products like multinational companies. Axelson and Svensson(2013) support them and opine that this leads to lowering of profits which eventually leads to the eradication of those small firms from the market. However it can be pointed out that though the marketing concepts applies for Apple, it can be pointed out that even for a multinational company like Apple massive promotions have bearing on its capital. Thus, though marketing concept is applicable for Apple, it erodes the capital of the company. Stiff market competition: According to Radke et al.(2014) the marketing concept has led to the big companies to spend huge amount of money to promote their products to reach out a huge consumer base. This develops stiff competition among the companies, which often spend huge amount of resources to market their products rather than improving the quality of their products. However, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) point out that excessive marketing has made the competition stiff for even leading companies like Apple. Hence, it can be said that marketing concept beyond the limit is not acceptable in any company. Profit concept of marketing: According to the profit concept, firms aim to increase their profit earning capacity at a specific rate in the long run rather than earning short term profit. The organisations aim to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to utilise the resources available to them and the resources acquired from acquired from external identities. Cassia et al. (2015) states that the companies like Apple today conduct open innovation to get access to resources like workforce and knowledge of other business organisations to bring about improvement in their products. This leads them to introduce more technologically advanced products which satisfy needs of more customers and earn higher return for the firms producing them. Application of profit concept in Apple: According to Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) the firms are able to acquire higher efficiency and effectiveness, which led them to make more high quality products. This increased their profitability and competitive advantage in the end. Apple uses profitability concept to increase its efficiency and effectiveness to enhance its future profitability. Thus, profitability concept is extremely applicable for Apple. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above discussion that the production concept, the product concept and the sales concept are not appropriate for modern multinational companies like Apple. The marketing concept and the profit concept are apt for multinational companies. References: Axelson, J. and Svensson, L., 2013. Ski transportation: A lead user study and product concept development for alpine ski equipment transportation outside a car. Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., 2016. 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