Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money related Crisis - Essay Example ese foundations have wrongly evaluated the degree of danger of their activities and uncovered their business, just as different partners to gigantic misfortunes. This conduct was supported by FICO assessment organizations, which because of certain irreconcilable circumstances, flopped in accurately making a decision about the degree of danger of a significant number of these establishments, and minimized some of them when it was past the point where it is possible to have any kind of effect. Other reason which leaded to the breakdown of the budgetary framework was a mix of unnecessary obtaining, higher hazard taking, and absence of straightforwardness. Major U.S. banks flopped in their appraisal of hazard by taking an excessive amount of influence, by giving credit too effectively, and by not unveiling accurately all the data of their activities to the general population. The administration assumed additionally a job in this money related emergency. By not taking the proper activities to stop this emergency, the administration just made more frenzy and vulnerability in the money related markets. It likewise bombed in guaranteeing that controllers are carrying out their responsibility dispassionately, and to the greatest advantage of all gatherings in the budgetary markets. At last, the emergency can likewise be ascribed to contract securitization and to over-the-counter subordinates (for the most part to credit default trades). The multifaceted nature of these instruments, and above all the absence of guideline in this issue caused an anchored disappointment of the whole monetary

Modern Tragic Hero Essay -- Character Analysis, Willy Loman

Passing of a Salesman, considered as Author Millers generally practiced and effective plays, includes the life of Willy Loman, a fanciful sales rep with a pretentious arrangement to live the American dream. Subsequently to the shocking occasions of Willy Loman’s life beginning with his father’s relinquishment, and closure with his self destruction, Willy Loman never carries on with the existence he has consistently envisioned. Albeit, seemingly ruined as a sad legend, Willy Loman achieves the characteristics basic to acknowledge him as a deplorable saint of present day times. Regardless of whether Willy Loman is a deplorable saint in Death of a Salesman’s has been a subject of debate since the play’s first creation. Conventional Aristotelian impression of a catastrophe affirms that a terrible saint must be of respectable plummet by birth or soul (Nienhuis 2). In any case, Author Miller’s article â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† claims the Aristotelian view, and demands â€Å"the defect, or break in the character, is truly nothingâ€and need be nothing, however his intrinsic reluctance to stay detached notwithstanding what he imagines to be a test to his dignity.† Miller pronounces that in all catastrophes a saint mirrors a sad blemish that need not come uniquely through respectable drop yet through a battle to remain in one’s position. In right now, customary catastrophe neglects to summon feelings dependent on an absence of direct involvement in legends of respectable position. Hence, the position of a charac ter â€Å"no longer raises our interests, nor our ideas of justice,† as it would have already since we don't live in a period controlled by rulers and sovereigns (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3). Today feelings are evoked through the agony and enduring of the basic man on the grounds that as times change so do the people that individuals can relate to.... ... thought about despicable. By and by, Willy’s self destruction cuts the profound into the feelings causing a sentiment of dejection for his sake since he overwhelmingly attempted to give an incredible life to his family and never could. In a last investigation, Willy Loman comes up short, and doesn't fit Aristotle’s exacting meaning of a disastrous saint. Regardless of the old meaning of a disastrous legend, Willy Loman bids to our feelings, has a few shocking imperfections, and somewhat understands his wrongs. Accordingly, Willy Loman is a typical deplorable saint in right now. Times have definitely changed since Aristotle, and it is the ideal opportunity for an adjustment in how an appalling saint is seen. Arthur Miller gives ideal avocation to a typical heartbreaking legend he states, â€Å"I accept that the regular man is as adept a subject for catastrophe in its most noteworthy sense as rulers were† (Miller, Tragedy, and the Common Man 3).

Practitioner Faculty Members at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Practitioner Faculty Members at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following blog entry was prepared by Sandhya Chari, an MPA student concentrating in Economic and Political Development. _______________________ When I reflect on what Ive learned at SIPA, I find myself very appreciative of my opportunity to study under adjunct faculty. While the full time professors have been nothing short of excellent, I would never have anticipated the importance or impact of the practitioners in my academic career. Last year, I had the opportunity to take Tools for Advocacy, taught by two professors from George Soros foundation, OSI, and a course in Microenterprise Development taught by a professor who also works full time at Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI). This semester I also have the good fortune of taking a course in Microfinance with a professor who spends the majority of his time working at Oxfam. For me, these courses have all provided that necessary real world touch that I wanted out of my policy education. Of course, I know the importance of economics, statistics and development theory and I enjoy those course as well, however these other classes have offered something uniquely different. They have provided opportunities for real world hands on learning, with more feedback for learning without the risks that come with the real world. Like most of my peers, I worked before coming back to SIPA, but one of the biggest reasons for my return to school was that I wanted a shift in my career. As such, a lot of what I hope to do after graduate school will be new for me. For this reason, it is great to get my feet wet in an academic setting first. For example, I had never before encountered a request for proposal or had the need to apply an advertising campaign to a policy issue. My classes taught by professionals currently in the field have given me the opportunity to do these things. They have presented me with work that is identical to what they deal with every day, and have allowed me to learn the basics of creating these things in an academic environment. Further, they have provided a great meeting point of academic theory and practice. The professors assign the readings that they know shape their work and then show how those readings are regularly applied in their professional environment. This makes the experience of doing the reading much more interesting as it shows direct use and application beyond classroom discussion. In addition to these practical skills, working with practitioners has also allowed for an opportunity to meet with professionals in the fields I am interested in. Having sustained interaction in a non-professional setting with these professors has allowed me to catch a different glimpse into their work lives. It has allowed me also to seek their mentorship regarding career possibilities and to explore other areas that might be of interest to me based on their course or organization. In short, they serve as one stop resources where students are able to learn about their field of interest in setting that is academic and professional at the same time. These classes have been invaluable to my time here at SIPA, in fact this summer I was able to directly use things I learned in my micro-enterprise course. I found my bosses referencing the authors we had read, and I found discussions at meetings focused around topics we studied in the classroom. I had never before experienced a melding of classroom and conference room in quite that way before. Im really thankful that I have the chance here to work with faculty who are in the field I see myself working in some day.

Essay about International Business Disneyland Assignment

Table of Contents:- Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Company Overview 5 Attractiveness of the market 7 Country Factor Analysis 7 ââ€" ª Political Factor 7 ââ€" ª Economic Factor 9 ââ€" ª Social Factor 9 ââ€" ª Cultural Factor 10 ââ€" ª Legal Factor 11 ââ€" ª Religious Factor 12 Conclusion 12 References 13 Executive Summary:- Introduction:- [pic] The world is getting smaller and smaller by new ways of technology and modes of communication. With the rapid changes in the globalization now every country is on the pathway to develop the international trade with different countries. India being a developing country developed countries like United States; United Kingdom etc. are keen on launching their†¦show more content†¦Mickey Mouse is one of the most popular and successful character designed by Walt Disney, the series of Snow white and the series of Seven Dwarfs Also. The Disney World Comprises of: - 1) Magic Kingdom: The magic kingdom has the theme parks and various resorts which forms the main business of the company. Disneyland is not just home for Disney characters, but it is also home for its visitors, Disneyland has resorts and parks for visitors to give them a peaceful stay. The construction of parks and resorts had begin in 1952, Anaheim, California. Construction of park and resorts brought great booming change in revenue of Disneyland. The successful chain of Disneyland resorts was started among world’s different continents, some of theme parks around the globe are as follows: ââ€" ª Disneyland Resort, Anaheim, California is the main hub, from where Disneyland eventually grew up. ââ€" ª Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, Florida ââ€" ª Tokyo Disney Resort, Urayasu, Chiba ââ€" ª Disneyland Resort, Paris, Marne La Valle ââ€" ª Hong Kong Disneyland, penny’s bay, Lantau island 2) Epcot 3) Disney MGM studios 4) Disney Animal Kingdom 5) Bilggard Beach The main objective of the company is to give the best value for the money and experience for life time. 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Elizabeth Ann Seton And Raissa Maritain - 1512 Words

Elizabeth Ann Seton and Raà ¯ssa Maritain both valued education in a way that was unprecedented for young women during the era in which they grew up. Once Seton and Maritain converted to Catholicism, they dedicated their lives to spreading the notion of love, faith, and knowledge to eager students. The most comparable aspects of their spirituality lie within their zealous education and missionary work once they converted. Both Maritain and Seton dedicated their lives to Christ in unique, yet comparable ways through how they chose to spread the word of God and educate others. Starting from an early age, both Elizabeth Ann Seton and Raà ¯ssa Maritain enjoyed the benefits of a formal education. Seton’s father, a physician, served as her role model, leading her towards her academic goals. After his death in 1801 , Seton still continued educating herself and immersing herself in scripture. Her marriage to William Magee Seton and the birth of her children pushed her even further i nto academia and religion as she continued to write and journal her thoughts, daily activities, and hardships. Raà ¯ssa Maritain, very similarly, had a formal education beginning at the age of seven years old. Maritain grew up in a Jewish household in imperial Russia. Her mother, knowing that her daughter would not receive a fair and equal education as a Jewish girl during such a controversial time period, moved the family to Paris, France. There, Raà ¯ssa blossomed and continued her education as it was

Abortion the most controversial issues in America Free Essays

string(95) " having an abortion in Sweden because she was worried that her child was going to be disabled\." Nina Emmrich English 1 Abortion Guy Thorvaldsen 14, April 14, 2013 Abortion, this is one of the most controversial issues in America. It’s been an issue for over 200 years. In 1973 it was protected under law. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion: the most controversial issues in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now But today it isn’t. Most American’s believe that it’s a sin to have an abortion while others see it as a choice to do it. There have been many legal cases against and also for abortion. Many have won but many have lost. This issue will never end. It will always be an argument. By having an abortion the mother is killing and innocent child who has no say in it. The family and father should also have a say in it as well. A little before the 1800’s states practiced some form of the English Common Law which happened to also lack codification. Abortion and unwed pregnancy didn’t exist in this time period. Finding the history of abortion is more difficult than people can imagine because there aren’t very many records of it to go off of. Starting in the 1600’s, there was the first conviction of the intent to abort a child. This went down in the state of Maryland, and then four years later another girl was arrested for murder because she had an abortion. This also happened in Maryland, but that case was dropped after the woman married the only witness who of course refused to testify. Another case that happened was in 1710 where Virginia Law made it a capital crime to be pregnant and then be found with a dead baby. In 1719 Delaware made it that anyone who counseled abortion or even infanticide an accessory to murder. According to Olasky’s notes â€Å"infanticide was probably the most frequent way of killing unwanted, illegitimate children†. â€Å"Abortifacients were known to and used in the early America. But by using them â€Å"was like playing Russian roulette with three bullets in the chamber†. So already there are beginning to make it a crime to have abortions. (abort73. com) There are many key factors that went into the process of deciding a case. They didn’t always have specific legislation for abortion and infanticide, those who did happened to have the same problem. It was impossible to have the right evidence to convict someone, and even more so pregnancy was hard to confirm. There was never a corpse or a witness to prove it. But on the bright side there was a great deal of the ury that had sympathy for the abandoned and desperate woman. Either way there was a lot of non-legislative factors that had been working against infanticide and abortion. A major factor was that the man should â€Å"act honorably† and propose to the women if he got her pregnant before they were married. (abort73. com) To give more to the influence of the society was the religious a nd scientific community. They condemned abortion both for how the bible speaks of an unborn child and also for the well-known testimony of church pillars like John Calvin who forbade abortion. From the 1600’s-1800’s the scientific community believed that babies actually existed before they were conceived. This was also another anti-abortion influence. The difficulty confirming pregnancy before quickening made early abortions almost impossible, and late term abortions ruined marriage prospects, and were extremely dangerous. (Abort73. com pg. 2) There’s more to the history than just the community. Lawmakers had to start dealing with abortion in the late 1800’s. It was 1821 when the first abortion legislation had passes in Connecticut. The lawmakers everywhere else tried to keep up. New York legislation changed on abortion 10 times between 1828 and 1881. (Abort73. com) Abortion should be illegal. When women have abortions they are killing innocent children. It’s a sin to do so. Of course it’s a choice of the mother but what about the family. What about the father? Don’t they have a say in what happens to their child. As America grew and expanded, most of the support mechanisms that helped provide for women during their crisis pregnancies had begun to want. The increase in social isolation and separation through urbanization had removed the societal and familial safety net for pregnant and non-married women had to fall back on. The concealment of a women’s pregnancy alone with smothering the baby after it was born was then considered a choice. Therefore abortion was beginning to get a foothold, but it was still not considered legitimate or legal. The frequency of was increasing as more young women found alone and pregnant. Dr. John Trader of Missouri stated that â€Å"contended that men were (the ones) pushing women into abortion†. So it goes to show that the men are also part of the abortion’s happening. (abort73. com) Slowly the opposition of abortion began to lose a lot of its moral framework. In the med. Books abortion was beginning to be counseled against for the potential risks as it had been presented to many women instead of the life being destroyed. It was said that â€Å"the right to destroy† became the central belief to a women named Margaret Sanger. She began to expose it in publicity. She would celebrate the virtue of sexual promiscuity and she would attack any women’s shelter. She then would have gone on to fount Planned Parenthood which still today remains the largest abortion provider in the United States. The government funding was required to remove all religious indoctrination and professional social workers replaced the evangelically-oriented matrons. The compassion shifted from helping to do what is right to doing whatever people feel like doing. (abort73. com) The birth control issue split the pro-life community for many years and hamstrung their efforts during the crucial 1960’s. (abort73. om) In the year of 1962 there were reports of a women who died form and illegal abortion and she was then cut into pieces which had horrified the entire nation. Sherri Finkbine became famous women for having an abortion in Sweden because she was worried that her child was going to be disabled. You read "Abortion: the most controversial issues in America" in category "Papers" An average American had begun to see illegal abortion instead of abortion itself as the real problem. In the year of 1967 Colorado and California became the first states to legalize abortions for only pregnancies that resulted in rape, incest, or pregnancies that threatened the life of a women as well as a pregnancy of a severely handicapped child. Then within the next three years, Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina and Virginia soon followed. Then in 1970 New York became one of the first states to offer unrestricted abortion, but only during the first 24 weeks of the women’s pregnancy. Then in 1971 the Roe v. Wade case came to trial. The verdict was decided in 1973 which was that all state laws regulating abortion were strict. And the demand became the law of the land. So as you can see that abortion had a lot of history in front of it, but does it still make it right for it to be legal? Some believe that abortion should only be legal for certain reasons, such as Rape victims. While many disagree with this option there are many who do agree. A woman who was raped and is carrying the rapist baby should have the right to decide what she would like to do with the baby. It’s not the court’s decision it’s hers. It’s been a woman’s right since the Roe V. Wade case that abortion is legal. This caused an outrage. There were protests out on the steps of the courthouse where people were screaming that they are allowing woman to kill innocent children. And they have a point too. Killing a child when they have no say in it is considered murder to some people. Anytime you kill a human being is murder so how is this any different. A woman in the army was 19 and was in an abusive relationship and he had gotten her pregnant. She didn’t want to tell him. She was called a whore, a tramp and embarrassment to her family. They told her to come home and discuss it as a family. Well little did she know they had made an appointment for her to get an abortion. No matter what she said it was all wrong. Her oldest brother whom she respected wouldn’t even talk to her he was so ashamed of her. Her family kept telling her to get an abortion but she was against it. The argument lasted 3 hours and finally she went to bed. But her family wouldn’t leave her alone until she made a decision. She was denied food that night and when she awoke the next morning she was denied food as well. So she finally gave in and they drove her to the clinic. She had the abortion and she saw a 16 year old girl in there and she hugged her and they cried together. Her parents as well as her brothers never apologized for their actions. Her take away from this experience is that she can be compassionate to young teens that have made the horrible choice of having an abortion. She is now 47, married with 2 children and adopting a third. This story shows that there is regret to getting an abortion. She never stopped thinking of her first child. She told her now 21 year old daughter who had gotten pregnant 19 about what happened and her granddaughter is now one year old. There will always be that regret of having a child. (abort73. om) There was a case called Roe v. Wade. This was a case between a single pregnant that brought a class action challenge to the constitutionality of the Texas criminal abortion laws by procuring or attempting an abortion on medical terms for the mother. A licensed physician named Hallford who had to cases pending against him was somehow permitted to intervene. A married couple who were unable to bare a child separately at tacked the laws as well based on alleged injury from the failure of contraceptives, pregnancy as well as impairment of the wife’s health. Roe and Hallford were standing to sue and presented justiciable controversies. The court decided to that the abortion status void as vague as those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court granted declaratory relief to Roe and Hallford. It was then decided in 1973 that the Court’s ruled that the Texas criminal abortion statures are unconstitutional. (Cornell. edu) There are places that do abortions. These are called abortion clinics. The main one that is most popular is Planned Parenthood. These places should not exist. Allowing young teens to come in and murder their child is wrong. In the case Planned Parenthood v. Casey the Supreme Court considered a Pennsylvania law that imposed the regulations on abortion. This case was not directly connected to Roe v. Wade. Although the Court didn’t contend that Roe v. Wade was a correct application of reasoned judgment. In extreme arrogance the Court declared â€Å"where the performance of its judicial duties, the Court decides the case in such way as to resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in Roe and those rare comparable cases†¦. Contending sides of a national controversy to end their national division by accepting a common mandate rooted in the constitution. † In this case Planned Parenthood because of the case Roe v. Wade and how abortion is legal because it’s a national law. (Lifenews. com) There are so many reasons as to why abortion should not be legal but we have to look at the other side of the picture. We have to look at reasons why is should be legal and the reasons behind that. The big reason is Rape victims. Why should they have to carry the rapist’s baby. They should have every right to get rid of it. And with abortion being legal they can. To them it’s not a sin. They are getting rid of something that was part of a horror that they went through. They have the right to decide and to them they aren’t doing the wrong thing they are doing the right thing. No one can stop them. They have the freedom to choose. Abortion is used for many different reasons. Those reasons can be that the mother was raped and didn’t want to keep the child or if they didn’t abort the mother would die. These are two serious reasons as to why some people are for abortion. It can save someone’s life when it comes to the decision of life or death. Or it could be the free release from something tragic that happened to someone. Abortion isn’t all bad in some ways. Those two reasons are important to some people. A mother who doesn’t want to carry a rapist’s baby shouldn’t have to. And if the child is killing the mother and abortion is the only way to save her life then do it. There are medical reasons to do abortions. Not just personal. Not only is it the mother’s decision but it should also be the father’s decision as well. He should have a right to decide whether the baby lives or not. He helped create it. It’s unfair to think that he will never be able to see is child because the mother aborted it without him knowing. It’s unfair. Every father should have the right of say in what happens to his child. Then there’s the issue of the family. The family should also have a say in what happens as well. They can help take care of the baby. Be there for the mother. Help her along the way. Help her, guide her. Give her and the baby love. They will be there for. The mother should want that, should have that. The families are supposed to be there for their children. Love them no matter what happens to them. They will love their grandchildren just the same. So they should have a right of say as well. They will help guide the mother through the tough times. They will be there for her and the child, no matter what. So with all that history and all that information, have you come to a conclusion as to whether you are for or against it. You should be against it. It’s murder. Killing an innocent child is just wrong. Everyone has the right to do as they please but in common sense it’s the worst thing you could do. There are other options like keeping the baby or giving it up for adoption. Why kill the baby when you can give it life. Give it a home, a place to eat, sleep, live and be happy. Or give it to a family whose always wanted a child but could never have one of their own. Give that baby a future. Don’t kill it. It deserves to live. Everyone deserves to live. Not die. It’s wrong. So with all this information, I hope you’ve made the right decision as to whose side you’re on. Killing an innocent child is wrong, and it needs to be stopped. How to cite Abortion: the most controversial issues in America, Papers

Knowledge Based Approach To Product Concept-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Knowledge Based Approach To Product Concept? Answer: Introduction: The aim of the assignment is to critically analyse the marketing management concepts and compare between them. The study takes Apple, the multinational manufacturer of iphones, tablets and other computer hardwares as the base of the study. The six marketing concepts compared are production concept, product concept, sales concept, marketing concept, consumer concept and profit concept. Production concept: According to Jalonen et al. (2016), the production concept was prevalent in the 1950s when the business organisations were concerned more about production and manufacturing. The production concept stands on Says Law, which says that if a product is manufactured in the market, it will always find consumers to buy it. Compared to the marketing concept, in case of production concept, the producers believed that consumers would choose from the products and services available in the market. These products were made available to the consumers at low cost. The business organisations concentrated on production maximum units of products to earn high amount of profits and obtain economies of scale. The producers considered the tastes and preferences of the consumers secondary to their own needs to produce high number of units of goods and sell them to the consumers to earn high profits. The production concept of marketing was applicable when the goods and services are available in the market h ave low cost and there are high demands for them(Radke et al. 2014). Thus, analysis shows that the production concept was not appropriate for multinational companies like Apple who make expensive high value products like tablets and mobile smart phones. The company has to incur huge investment in hardware and software technology to manufacture these products and hence require selling them to appropriate customer segments to generate high profits. Thus, it can be inferred that production concept paid very less importance to the needs of the customers and is not appropriate for modern companies. Application of production concept in Apple: An analysis of the production concept shows that it laid more emphasis on the needs of the producers to mass produce goods to sell them to the consumers to earn high profits. A deeper analysis of the production concept reveals the following advantages: Economies of scale: Baumers et al.(2016) state that the producers concentrated on attaining economies of scale by mass-producing products and selling them to buyers at lower prices. Hence, the aim of the producers was not customer satisfaction but to earn economies of scale. This ensured a large number of products were available to buyers at low costs. Mirzaei, Moore and Liu (2013) say that contradictory to the cheap goods, which are sold under the production concept, Apple sells expensive mobile phones. The company invests a huge amount of money to manufacture these electronic goods. Thus, it is 1required to target the upper class customers to sell the smart phones at high price to recycle the investment amount back into its account as revenue. Thus, it needs to consider the customer segments and hence, it can construed that production concept is not applicable for Apple. Reduced marketing costs: Mirzaei, Moore and Liu (2013) say that the production concept reveal that the producers concentrated on mass-producing products to earn high price and consumer convenience was considered secondary. This clearly points out to lack of marketing activities to inform the buyers about the products and letting them choose. This trend led to the reduced marketing costs of the producers and the consumers had to choose from the small variety of products available. It can be contradicted from the view of Apple that the reduced marketing is not acceptable to the company, which invests huge capital to make its expensive products(Hoberg and Phillips 2016). Thus, from this angle it can be stated that production concept is not applicable for modern companies like Apple. Lack of product differentiation: Hoberg and Phillips (2016) state that the production concept clearly shows that compared to the product concept, the producers did not pay attention to the needs of the consumers and mass produced goods to earn profits. This left very less scope for product differentiation and the products of the producers eventually lost their unique characteristics. Imai et al. (2015) state that the producers as a results were not able to obtain consumer loyalty, which limited their repeated business profit generation. Thus, this concept is not applicable for multinational IT companies like Apple because they manufacture high-involvement electronic products for the consumers. It is crucial that Apple achieves product differentiation to make its smart phones and tablets stand apart from its competitors products in the market. Thus, the lack of product differentiation attribute of production concept is not applicable for Apple. Product Concept: Imai, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) state that the product concept refers to the marketing concept of displaying the best attributes and maximum characteristics of the products. The product concept of marketing is a development on the production concept where the producers target their audience groups before selling their products. Jalonen et al. (2016) support the opinion and states that in comparison to production concept considers that consumers prefer commodities with highest quality, which would create high utility for them. This analysis shows that the product concept compared to the production Advertising only to sell the products and not for customer relationship building: The producers advertise the best features of their products to the buyers to sell them. The advantage of this approach is the producers were able to target the appropriate consumer groups who bought the products. This earned them loyal base of consumers and who bought their products thereby generating high profits for them(Cassia et al. 215). This again shows that product concept like production concept is not applicable for use in Apple. This is because the concept does not incorporate advertising of goods and simply selling them based on their features. This process is not capable of earning high profit in the long run and hence is not appropriate for Apple(Mirzaei, Moore and Liu 2013). Sole emphasis on product engineering: Baumers et al. (2016) say the producers believed that consumers would buy highly engineered products and spent less on marketing them. They were as a result able to allocate more amounts of resources towards making high quality products rather than spending on marketing them. Axelson and Svensson (2013) contradicts this opinion and opine it can be pointed out that lack of marketing activities would result in weakening of the brand value of Apple and it would lose its customers to its competitors. Hence, this concept of large customer base buying products merely due to engineering attributes does not apply for Apple. Neglect of advertising: The producers relied on the approach that products sell due to high qualities and neglected advertising. As a result, they were not able to attract a large number of consumers, which limited their profitability(Relich, ?wc and Gola 2015). There was still lack of product differentiation because the producers did not carry out large-scale marketing to know the needs of the consumers. Axelson et al. (2013) supports this view and opine that this often led to stocking of large amount of finished products because of over production and lack of advertisement of them. Apple cannot afford to have a lot investments in storing finished goods because that would hamper its financial liquidity. Thus the company requires to sell its products to its customers on a continual basis so that it can plough back the amount invested in the products by selling them to the customers. Sales concept: As per Hoberg and Phillips(2016) the sales concept stands on the assumption that companies sell what they make and promote. The producers which practice the sales approach believe that consumers will buy products which are sold aggressively and promoted in the market. Similar to the product concept, the producers do not emphasise on building relationship with the consumers and assume that consumers forget their disliking for a product and may buy it in the future. Trujillo?Ponce (2013) support this theory and state the sales concept is not capable of earning profit in the long run because it does not try to build customer relationship and hence has limited use in multinational companies like Apple. This because since the customers cannot relate to the producers, they tend to switch from one producer to another which impairs the profitability of companies in the long run. Application of sales concept in Apple: The advantage of sales concept in comparison to the product concept is that the producers concentrate on marketing the products to sell them to the consumers. This leads to mass selling and earns high profits for the producers. However Radke et al.(2014) points out that mass selling without customer relationship building is applicable for cheap goods. It is not applicable for expensive goods like Apple which requires huge initial investment in technology and human resources. The company requires building strong and long term relationship with its customers to be able generate repeat business. Hence, the sales concept is not applicable for Apple due to its lack of customer relationship attribute. Lack of after sales services: Axelson and Svensson(2013) say that the biggest disadvantage of the sales concept is that the producers concentrated on promoting their goods to sell them to consumers and not to create relationship with them. The sale of goods left very little scope for after sales services. Hoberg and Phillips(2016) supports Alexson and Svensson and state that this lack of relationship between the consumers led to limited repeat business, which did not allow the producers to acquire loyal consumer base and earn perpetual profits. This lack of customer relationship would lead to loss of customers and consequent loss of market position would lead to erosion of profitability of Apple. Hence, sales concept is also not applicable like product and production concept in case of Apple. Marketing Concept: Baumers et al. (2016) state that marketing concept believed that marketing of products in the markets is important for the business organisation sell their products to the right customer segments and earn high profits. A comparison between the product, production, selling and marketing concept shows that the first three concepts were oriented with the profit making needs of the producers. The marketing concept emphasises on the needs of the consumers before offering them products rather than offering them what the producers have to offer them. Axelson and Svensson(2013) support this opinion and state that multinational companies like Apple follow this approach. Apple makes expensive electronic high involvement consumer goods like mobile phones and tablets. They are expensive and require a lot of investment in research and development from Apple to manufacture them. The multinational company advertises its products to attract the upper middle and upper class consumer segments who have enough disposable income to buy its products. Applicability of marketing concept: Cassia et al.(2015) state that the marketing concept stresses on advertising products to the consumers to know their needs before offering them products. This leads to the producers selling their products to appropriate customers segments, which earn them huge profits. Imai, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) support this view and say that multinational companies like Apple use this approach to target the appropriate consumer groups and sell their products to them to earn high profits. Applicable for high involvement products like Apple phones: The previous three approaches were not appropriate for high priced products like Apple iphone. The high involvement consumer products require huge investment from the producers towards research and development and technology. Hence, the marketing approach ensures that companies are able to target appropriate customer segments and sell products to them to earn high revenue. Cassia et al.(2015) state that the marketing concept requires the companies to invest huge amount of resources in marketing of products to reach out to appropriate consumer bases. The marketing cost adds to the cost of production of the producing companies, which cannot be borne by small firms. This leads to low sale in those small firms who cannot promote their products like multinational companies. Axelson and Svensson(2013) support them and opine that this leads to lowering of profits which eventually leads to the eradication of those small firms from the market. However it can be pointed out that though the marketing concepts applies for Apple, it can be pointed out that even for a multinational company like Apple massive promotions have bearing on its capital. Thus, though marketing concept is applicable for Apple, it erodes the capital of the company. Stiff market competition: According to Radke et al.(2014) the marketing concept has led to the big companies to spend huge amount of money to promote their products to reach out a huge consumer base. This develops stiff competition among the companies, which often spend huge amount of resources to market their products rather than improving the quality of their products. However, Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) point out that excessive marketing has made the competition stiff for even leading companies like Apple. Hence, it can be said that marketing concept beyond the limit is not acceptable in any company. Profit concept of marketing: According to the profit concept, firms aim to increase their profit earning capacity at a specific rate in the long run rather than earning short term profit. The organisations aim to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to utilise the resources available to them and the resources acquired from acquired from external identities. Cassia et al. (2015) states that the companies like Apple today conduct open innovation to get access to resources like workforce and knowledge of other business organisations to bring about improvement in their products. This leads them to introduce more technologically advanced products which satisfy needs of more customers and earn higher return for the firms producing them. Application of profit concept in Apple: According to Mizuyama and Nonaka(2015) the firms are able to acquire higher efficiency and effectiveness, which led them to make more high quality products. This increased their profitability and competitive advantage in the end. Apple uses profitability concept to increase its efficiency and effectiveness to enhance its future profitability. Thus, profitability concept is extremely applicable for Apple. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above discussion that the production concept, the product concept and the sales concept are not appropriate for modern multinational companies like Apple. The marketing concept and the profit concept are apt for multinational companies. References: Axelson, J. and Svensson, L., 2013. Ski transportation: A lead user study and product concept development for alpine ski equipment transportation outside a car. Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., 2016. The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push.Technological forecasting and social change,102, pp.193-201. c, M., Ristimki, P., Toiviainen, H., Pulkkis, A. and Lohtander, M., 2016. Between product Lack of after sales services:;Journal of Workplace Learning,28(1), pp.33-48. Cassia, F., Ugolini, M.M., Cobelli, N. and Gill, L., 2015. Service-based vs. goods-based positioning of the product concept: effects on customer perceived value.The TQM Journal,27(2), pp.247-255. Hoberg, G. and Phillips, G., 2016. Text-based network industries and endogenous product differentiation.Journal of Political Economy,124(5), pp.1423-1465. Imai, M., Mizuyama, H. and Nonaka, T., 2015. Product Concept Evaluation Game Combining Preference Market and GA. Mirzaei, A., Moore, T. and Liu, G., 2013. Does market structure matter on banks profitability and stability? Emerging vs. advanced economies.Journal of Banking Finance,37(8), pp.2920-2937. Radke, A.M., Plehn, J., Finke, G. and Hertz, P., 2014. Toward the integrated determination of a strategic production concept, distribution concept, service concept, and tranport concept for manufacturers of physical products. Relich, M., ?wc, A. and Gola, A., 2015. A knowledge-based approach to product concept screening. InDistributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 12th International Conference(pp. 341-348). Springer, Cham. Trujillo?Ponce, A., 2013. What determines the profitability of banks? Evidence from Spain.Accounting Finance,53(2), pp.561-586.

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899 [Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1870-1899 1870 15th Amendment to the US Constitution gave the right to vote without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude but the Amendment did not apply to African American women (or any other women) Susan McKinney Stewart, an early African American woman physician, received an M.D. from the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women 1871 (October 6) Fisk University Jubilee Singers began their first-ever national tour, singing gospel music to raise money for the University 1872 (April) Charlotte Ray admitted to the Washington, DC, bar; she graduated that year from Howard University Law School 1873 Sarah Moore Grimke died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Angelina Grimke Weld) 1874 1875 (July 10) Mary McLeod Bethune born Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlaws discrimination in public accomodations (invalidated in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) 1876 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes ended Reconstruction by withdrawing US Army troops from the South 1878 1879 Mary Eliza Mahoney graduated from the nursing school at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Boston, becoming the first African American professional nurse Angelina Emily Grimke Weld died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1880 (October 20)  Lydia Maria Child  died (abolitionist, writer) (November 11)  Lucretia Mott  died (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1881 Tennessee passed first Jim Crow laws Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles founded Spelman College, the first college for African American women 1882   (September 8)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  died 1883 (November 26)  Sojourner Truth  died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer)   Mary Ann Shadd Cary  became the second African American woman in the United States to earn a law degree 1884   Mary Church Terrell  (then Mary Church) graduated from Oberlin College (activist, clubwoman) (January 24)  Helen Pitts  married Frederick Douglass, setting off controversy and opposition to their interracial marriage 1885 (June 6)  ALelia Walker, daughter of  Madam C.J. Walker, born (activist, executive, Harlem Renaissance figure) Sarah Goode received the first patent awarded to an African American woman 1886 1887 1888 1889 (January 28) Prudence Crandall died (educator) 1890 Emma Frances Grayson Merritt (1860-1933) established the first U.S. kindergarten for African American students   The House of Bondage, a collection of slave narratives, published, written by former slave Octavia R. Albert   Clarence and Corinne or Gods Way  published by the American Baptist Publication, the first Sunday School book written by an African American Janie Porter Barrett founded the Locust Street Settlement House in Hampton, Virginia 1891 newspaper  Freedom: a Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly  founded by  Lucy Parsons 1892 Anna Julia Cooper published  Voice of the South, writing of the status of African American women   Hallie Brown  served as lady principal (dean of women), Tuskegee Institute President Benjamin Harrison entertained by Sissieretta Jones (singer) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper published  Iola Leroy: or Shadows Uplifted Patent issued for an ironing board invented by Sarah Boone (January)  Bessie Coleman  born (pilot) - or 1893 (October)  Ida B. Wells  published  Southern Horrors: Lynch Law and in All Its Phases, beginning her public anti-lynching campaign (-1894) many African American womens clubs were founded for race and womens progress New York City (Victoria Earle Matthews)Brooklyn (Susan McKinney)Boston (Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin) 1893 World Columbian Exposition largely excluded African Americans. A few African American women spoke at the fairs Womens Congress on The Intellectual Progress of Colored Women of the US Since Emancipation: Fannie Barrier Williams spoke on the responsibility of white men for sexual exploitation of African American women. Anna Julia Cooper and Fanny Jackson Coppin also spoke.Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, and Ferdinand Barnett wrote The Reason Why the Colored American is Not in the Columbian Exposition. African Methodist Episcopal Church founded the Womens Home and Foreign Missionary Society publication of  The Autobiography of Amanda Berry Smith, AME Evangelist Fanny Kemble died (wrote about slavery)   Lucy Stone  died (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) (April 13)  Nella Larson  born (writer, nurse) (June 5)  Mary Ann Shadd Cary  died (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) (-1903)  Hallie Brown  served as professor of elocution at Wilberforce University 1894 Sarah Parker Remond died (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) National Association of Colored Women began publishing  The Womans Era Gertrude Mossell published  The Work of the Afro-American Woman 1895 National Federation of Afro-American Women founded by about 100 women from ten different states, the first national federation of black womens clubs. Margaret Washington was elected the first president. Founders included Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin,  Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams   Ida B. Wells  published  Red Record, a statistical study of lynching Frederick Douglass died (abolitionist, womens rights activist, lecturer) 1896 National Federation of African American Women and the Colored Womens League merged into the National Association of Colored Women, selecting  Mary Church Terrell  as president (March 18) Supreme Court in  Plessy v. Ferguson  upholds Louisiana law segregating railway cars, invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and leading to the passage of many more Jim Crow laws (July 1)  Harriet Beecher Stowe  died (writer) (July 21) National Association of Colored Women formed;  Mary Church Terrell, president 1897 Harriet Tubman won pension for her Civil War military service Victoria Earle Matthews founded the White Rose Mission to provide aid to Southern black women moving to New York City Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies founded by Fannie M. Richards in Detroit the first of many named for the poet  Phillis Wheatley  to provide housing and services for single African American women in large cities Charlamae Rollins born (writer, librarian)   A Slave Girls Story  published, autobiography of Kate Drumgold   Marita Bonner  born (writer, teacher) 1899   Maggie Lena Walker  became head (Right Worthy Grand Secretary) of the Independent Order of St. Luke Society, which she helped transform into an effective philanthropic society in Richmond, Virginia [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Free Essays on Pharmacology

Pharmacy Pharmacy is one of many careers found in the medical field. Pharmacists prepare and dispense drugs prescribed by doctors. They also advise patients, doctors, and other health-care professionals on proper doses and possible side effects. They must know what’s in the drug, how it works, and how it affects people with different illnesses or injuries. Pharmacists also: 1. purchase medical supplies 2. answer customer questions 3. go with doctors and hospital staff on patient rounds 4. advise patients on medical equipment and other over-the-counter products 5. supervise staff and manage a small business – if they have their own pharmacy The actual mixing of ingredients to form powders or pills is only a small part of a pharmacist’s actual job. Usually the medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in standard dosages and forms. Pharmacists must be able to explain instructions to patients and health-care professionals, and have good eyesight in order to properly measure and dispense medications. 3 schools that train in Pharmacy are: 1. University of Houston 141 Science and Research 2 Building Houston, TX 77204 2. Texas Southern University 3100 Cleburne Houston, TX 77004 3. The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station A1900 Austin, TX 78712 A pharmacologist and a pharmaceutical representative are two jobs found in the Pharmacy field. A pharmacologist studies the effects of drugs on biological systems. Basically a pharmacist is a research scientist who specializes in understanding how chemical agents work in the body. These chemical agents can be either hazardous materials such as pesticides and poisons, or they be medicines and drug treatments used to combat illness and prevent disease. Pharmacologists are looking for treatments for cancer, and for all illnesses that badly affect humans such as Parkinson’s disease, Hodgkin’s disease, and AIDS. Some also specialize in the veter... Free Essays on Pharmacology Free Essays on Pharmacology Pharmacy Pharmacy is one of many careers found in the medical field. Pharmacists prepare and dispense drugs prescribed by doctors. They also advise patients, doctors, and other health-care professionals on proper doses and possible side effects. They must know what’s in the drug, how it works, and how it affects people with different illnesses or injuries. Pharmacists also: 1. purchase medical supplies 2. answer customer questions 3. go with doctors and hospital staff on patient rounds 4. advise patients on medical equipment and other over-the-counter products 5. supervise staff and manage a small business – if they have their own pharmacy The actual mixing of ingredients to form powders or pills is only a small part of a pharmacist’s actual job. Usually the medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in standard dosages and forms. Pharmacists must be able to explain instructions to patients and health-care professionals, and have good eyesight in order to properly measure and dispense medications. 3 schools that train in Pharmacy are: 1. University of Houston 141 Science and Research 2 Building Houston, TX 77204 2. Texas Southern University 3100 Cleburne Houston, TX 77004 3. The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station A1900 Austin, TX 78712 A pharmacologist and a pharmaceutical representative are two jobs found in the Pharmacy field. A pharmacologist studies the effects of drugs on biological systems. Basically a pharmacist is a research scientist who specializes in understanding how chemical agents work in the body. These chemical agents can be either hazardous materials such as pesticides and poisons, or they be medicines and drug treatments used to combat illness and prevent disease. Pharmacologists are looking for treatments for cancer, and for all illnesses that badly affect humans such as Parkinson’s disease, Hodgkin’s disease, and AIDS. Some also specialize in the veter...

President Kennedy and Civil Rights Research Paper

President Kennedy and Civil Rights - Research Paper Example Author Shelly Sommer presents John F. Kennedy in his book, â€Å"John F Kennedy: His life and legacy† in many roles such as a boy, a young adolescent, a hero of wars, a husband, a great politician, and finally the youngest President of America. But the question should be raised that whether John F. Kennedy really cared about civil rights or it was just to defeat Nixon in office and be the President of America? The votes of African American people were as much important for him as the whites and so President Kennedy has to make his way to the office anyhow. When two African American students, Vivian Malone and James Hood decided to take admission in the University of Alabama in summers of 1963, President John F. Kennedy- a spirited and energetic leader of that time led the movement of Civil rights to let these students enter the university. He challenged the southern courts to take notice of the situation and take into consideration this issue to grant equal rights to African A mericans as well. On the evening of September 30, 1963, President delivered a speech in which he issued a declaration that Mississippi should abolish segregation and let African American students attend the college. ...   He asked for a federal legislature for the rights of African Americans and thus his words were transformed into actions after his death when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. ( Blaustein, Albert P, and Robert L. Zangrando. Civil Rights and the American Negro: A Documentary History). Critics of Kennedy Supporting Civil Rights’ Some people, however, believed that John F. Kennedy was not much interested in civil rights; rather he was famous for Cold War issues and Cuban Missile Crisis. This belief was not pointless. Kennedy’s attitudes towards Civil Rights before the election campaign proved it to be true. He voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1957 by Eisenhower. Kennedy wanted to serve the Democrats in the elections of 1960s, and to do so he has to oppose the bill as Democrats were in the opposition to the bill at that time. Finally, Kennedy won the elections as leader of the Democratic Party in 1960 and defeated Nixon. This act of Kennedy proves that all h e did was his personal gains and he has no interests in the rights or equality of African Americans. Kennedy suddenly converted or changed his point of view when he was nominated as a candidate from Democratic Party for the Presidential Elections of 1960. He delivered speeches promising equal rights to African Americans and preserving their dignity and sovereignty. Historians are confused over this abrupt change in the attitude. Supporters of Kennedy see the antagonism toward the Civil Act of 1957 as a political necessity.

Knowledge management is an essential tool for organization. Discuss Essay

Knowledge management is an essential tool for organization. Discuss - Essay Example Thus, managing knowledge is the most crucial role for organisations to survive and thrive as we move into a knowledge economy driven and global environment. Basically, â€Å"organizational knowledge creation is the process of making available and amplifying knowledge created by individuals as well as crystallizing and connecting it with an organization’s knowledge system,†( Nonaka, Krogh and Voelpel 2006). Research has shown that knowledge creation, retention, sharing and management is an essential tool for an organisation as we gradually move towards a knowledge economy (Nonaka 2007). During the current period, it can be noted that the business environment is constantly changing and knowledge creation is a virtue whereby the human resources management in particular will take a leading role in spearheading the initiative to influence the individuals in the organisation to come up with new ideas that can be crystallised as well as connected with the organisation’s knowledge system. Having created the requisite knowledge, then the process of knowledge management attempts to formalise a means of continuous improvement through reflection, and codification of knowledge gained during the project (CCTA 1999). For instance, Nonaka 2001 argues that making personal knowledge available to others is the basic tenet of the knowledge creating company. This will allow others to learn which promotes management of knowledge that has been created with a particular organisation. Through the use of PRINCE2 as a mandatory project management methodology in government sponsored projects, the identification and codification of personal knowledge through â€Å"lessons learned† is a key objective. This involves the utilisation of knowledge created to the benefit of the organisation as a whole. Knowledge creation is a source of long term solution for organisations to gain competitive advantage in an economy that is characterised by uncertainty and ever changin g environment (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995; von Krogh et al. 2000). The companies which are quick to create new knowledge in response to the changes obtaining on the ground have a competitive advantage over those which are slow to respond to these changes. In essence, creating new knowledge is about re-creating the company and the individuals to meet a particular vision or ideal. Knowledge creation is not a specialised event but it is treated as a preserve for every worker. This is not limited to a particular department since the notion of the knowledge creating company posits to the effect that every employee has a role to play as far as this concept is concerned in an organisation. A critical analysis of the article entitled â€Å"Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory: Evolutionary Paths and Future advances† by Nonaka, Krogh and Voelpel (2006) shows that the success of an organisation is mainly influenced by its ability to keep pace with changes taking place in the business environment and this is aided by knowledge creation. Examples can be drawn from the cases of Canon as well as many Japanese companies which manufacture cars such as Toyota. Keeping pace with changes in the environment in which the organisation operates entails creativity and innovation of new ideas that will be synthesised into the knowledge system of the company. Managing this knowledge is a basic tenet of

Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail

Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail Title: A contemporary analysis of the concept of work life balance and the effects of the psychological contract within the business. Geared towards retail. A compiled list of the 6 main sources of information that could be used with justification as to why they are relevant and a paragraph on key theories/models, analysis tools that would be used in this dissertation. A total of around 600 words. With regard to the paper recently completed, this addendum represents some further thoughts and resources which would be required to expand the work into a wider study. There are three themes which would need to be pursued in a more detailed examination of this topic. The nature of the generic Psychological Contract. The nature of the Psychological Contract in the Retail Sector, and its relationship with marketing. The nature of HRM and SHRM (Strategic Human Resources Management) in the Retail Sector. These themes would need to be explored across a range of material, beginning with secondary sources, and ideally extending into qualitative primary research involving HR professionals, and retail staff themselves. The six main related secondary and primary sources. Guest, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract: A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. This source is essential because it provides an insight into both the agreed definitions of the psychological contract within the HR profession, and the application of that model in their vocational practice. Buchanan, D., and Huczynski, A., (2006), Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, Prentice Hall/Financial Times, London. This source is essential as a prà ©cis of the relevant motivational theories, work of Herzberg, McGregor, Maslow, Adams, Vroom, Porter and Lawler. Analysis of the implications of McGregor’s X and Y theories of reward/coercion, and Herzberg’s concept of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, as set out in Brooks, I., (2003), Organisational Behaviour: Individuals, Groups and Organisation, 2nd Ed, FT-Prentice Hall, London, and Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P., (2005), Principles of Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Within the extrinsic and intrinsic reward model, extrinsic rewards may be thought of as those of material considerations and working conditions, whilst intrinsic rewards are more honorific and interpersonal. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions index, as set out in Hofstede, G., (2003), Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, Profile Business, London, and Gerte Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Website, INTERNET, available at http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18#compare [viewed 26.10.08], would need to be employed to assess the different motivational models and tolerances which are increasingly visible in a multi-cultural workforce, and a globalizing retail sector. This would have to take account of Hofestede’s ideas of power distance, collectivism/individuality, long or short-term orientation, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance. A comparative study of employee relationships between retail workers in Waitrose and the John Lewis partnership, and an other large retail group, i.e. Tesco’s, Woolworth or Argos. The rationale for this is that the John Lewis group is the only one to deploy an extensive profit sharing remuneration scheme with its employees. Comparative primary study of attitudes between retail employees and customers of the John Lewis partnership, and another, non-profit sharing retail group in the UK. To be carried out through a combination of†¦ questionnaires comprising binary yes/no responses and written answers to set questions. A small number of in-depth and semi-flexible individual interviews. Key theoretical approaches here would be evolved around a balance of phenomenological and positivist research formats, to obtain qualitatively useful data, which could also support statistical models with a possible wider application. McGregor’s extrinsic/intrinsic scale model questionnaire could be employed to lend a positivist dimension to the attitudinal data produced. This paper outlines some key themes in contemporary retailing HRM, focusing particularly on the significance of the psychological contract within the business, and the concept of work life balance. It argues that contemporary economic and trading conditions have tended to expose the way in which both issues are treated in the retail sector, and attributes this to continued trends for tertiary and part-time employment patterns. As Hooley et al. observe, ‘†¦Well developed marketing resources (assets and capabilities), when deployed in the marketplace, can lead to superior market performance. Satisfied and well motivated staff (a prime marketing asset), for example, can make a significant contribution to creating satisfied and loyal customers’ (Hooley et.al., p.21). At boardroom level however, contemporary pressures on costs may impinge upon staff CPD and retention. In the first instance, it may be helpful to foreground the concept of the psychological contract itself. As Sonnetag observes, ‘There is relatively consistent empirical evidence for a positive relationship between specific aspects of individual well being and.performance.’ (Sonnetag, p.4110 ). One way in which this symbiosis between employee motivation and output can be achieved, is through a management style which exceeds the formal terms of the contractual obligation in terms of an equitable relationship. As Williams indicates. ‘..this interpersonal aspect to fairness reminds us that there is a social basis to the exchange relationship between employer and employee and we might expect this to be part of the psychological contract.’ (Williams,1998: p.183). The concept of the psychological contract rests on the idea that workplace relationships inevitably develop beyond those encapsulated in explicit frameworks, hierarchies, and job descriptions. It is there fore perfectly feasible for management to de-motivate staff even though they are formally empowered to do so – by breaching ‘informal’ or psychologically accepted principles. As Guest and Conway point out, ‘†¦built on the three pillars of fairness, trust and delivery of the deal between organizations and employees, a positive psychological contract is the best guarantee of good performance outcomes.’ (Guest and Conway, 2003: p.vii). There is much empirical evidence to suggest that retail employers are acting to redress percived inadequacies in this area. For example, as Murray reports, fast-food giant McDonald’s has acted to improve its image since the term ‘McJob’ entered the Oxford english Dictionary, denoting ‘†¦an unstimulating, low-paid job with few prospects†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Murray 2008: n.p.) Part of the response has been to initiate CPD programmes which combine flexible working arrangements with learning programmes to develop staff skills and accreditation. Other retail management and service sector managers also see this as the route to recruit and retain the best staff. As Jack Constantinides, vice-president HR and business partner for Monster for Europe West and Prague explains, ‘People are looking for more from their job than just a chunky pay package – including job satisfaction, career prospects, training, benefits and crucially work-life balance’. (Murray 2008: n.p.). This suggests that, where costs will allow, more mature businesses may see the creation of value as the route to business stability through intrinsic as well as extrinsic employee reward. However, contemporary trading conditions may militate against the expenditure of such on-costs, at least for the time being. As Taylor reports, ‘The disclosure last week that Marks and Spencer wants to reduce redundancy benefits for staff has sparked union fears that the retail group is preparing the way for large-scale job cuts.’ (Taylor 2008: n.p.). MS are obviously not the only high-profile high street victims: As Kilgren and Braithwaite observe of the troubled Woolworth chain, ‘Up to a third of the 1,000 retail division staff at head office may lose their jobs†¦ PwC, auditor to Woolworth’s, pointed to material uncertainties which may cast significant doubt about the companys ability to continue as a going concern.’ (Kilgren and Braithwa ite, 2008: n.p.). When discussing the issue of work life balance amongst retail employees, it is arguably unhelpful to regard this couplet as representative of a homogeneous and undifferentiated employee group. In a sector strongly associated with casualized, part-time, and often female labour, it is important to recognize the way in which different social groups may derive a satisfactory relationship between their home and working lives. As Kirby observes, ‘At a time when female â€Å"returners† are set to become an increasingly significant element in the UK workforce, British retailing remains highly dependent on part-time female labour. At the same time, working conditions appear not to be as attractive as they might be. Pay remains low and career prospects and training opportunities are poor, especially for part-time employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Kirby 1993: p.205). It is at this point that the psychological contract and work-life balance are arguably drawn closer together, a point which may be reinforced by considering the motivational theories of Adams. As Huczyinski and Buchanan explain, ‘Adams proposed that we compare our rewards (pay, recognition) and contributions (time, effort, ideas) with the outputs and inputs of others. Equity thus exists when these rations are equal. Rewards can include a range of tangible and intangible factors†¦Inputs similarly relate to any factor that you believe you bring to the situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Huczyinski and Buchanan 2007: p.249). In other words, employers face a range of competing challenges when balancing employee satisfaction with business objectives. Bibliography Braithwaite, T., and Kilgren, L., ‘Woolies plans job cuts in bid to reduce its costs’, Financial Times, 18 September 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/96ef9e80-8519-11dd-b148-0000779fd18c.html, [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Murray, S., ‘Staff want more than just their pay packet’, Financial Times, 8 July 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eafbdc08-46af-11dd-876a-0000779fd2ac.html, [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change: contemporary issues, UCL Press, London. Guest, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract: A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Hooley, G., Saunders, J., Piercy, N., (2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning (3rd Edition) Prentice Hall, Essex Kirby, D.A. ‘Working conditions and the trading week’, in Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change: contemporary issues, UCL Press, London, pp.192-207. Sonnetag, S., (ed), (2002), Psychological Management of Individual Performance, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Stacey, K., and Rigby, E., ‘Retail supply chain begins to turn rusty’, Financial Times, 8 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a67ef3ae-94d3-11dd-953e-000077b07658.html [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Taylor, A., ‘Inquiries on how to shed staff soar’, Financial Times, 25 Aug 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c8bed96-723c-11dd-a44a-0000779fd18c.html [viewed 15.10.08], n.p. Van der Lippe, T., and Peters, P., (2007), (eds), Competing Claims in Work and Family Life, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Williams, R.S., (1998) Performance Management: Perspectives on Employee Performance, International Thomson Business Press, St.Ives.

Randy Pausch’s Last lecture presentation

1. Randy Pausch’s Last lecture presentation is about achieving your childhood dreams, enabling the dreams of others, and how you can achieve your dreams or enable the dreams of others. Mr. Pausch had several childhood dreams these included: being in zero gravity, playing in the NFL, Authoring an article in the World Book Encyclopedia, being Captain Kirk, winning stuffed animals, and being a Disney Imagineer. He achieved his first dream of being in zero gravity when he was a professor and his students were taking part of a space ship demonstration.He did not achieve his dream of being a NFL player; however as a kid he was enrolled in football. He states that football taught him so many things, such as hard work, the fundamentals, and experience. He learned that when you’re screwing up and no one bothers to say anything to you that means that they stopped caring. He received an opportunity to write an article for the encyclopedia on virtual reality. He also won lots of bi g stuff animals for his family. Randy Pausch had done so well for himself in the virtual reality world that Captain Kirk came to meet him, and lastly he was able to work as a Disney Imagineer.Lastly, he ends his lecture with some important advice. He states to be good at something; it makes you valuable. He states to work hard, find the best in everybody; no matter how you have to wait for them to show it, and be prepared† â€Å"luck† is where preparation meets opportunity. I agree with his advice, one should not stop dreaming and striving for excellence. One should have fun, take chances and never give up. I feel that Mr. Pausch wanted to leave his family with one last positive legacy. 2. My childhood dreams were to be in NASA and go to space, have a family, to be wealthy and have my own island.I believe it is important to achieve your dreams; it keeps one striving for a goal and distracts one from seeing the negatives in his or her life. A dream defines you. 3. What I ’ve learned from my experiences with failure is that when one has a will there is a way. It gave me the opportunity to learn that I have people that will be there for me and help me understand that I’m not alone and that they will be with me through every step of the learning experience.4. The important life lessons I have learned so far are: that this is my ife and it’s up to me how I choose to live it, I have the right to choose my own destiny, I have also learned that family is more important than money, I have learned that nothing can buy you more happiness than a child and marrying the perfect woman, and always look on the bright side. 5. My last lecture would be about how to live life to the fullest. The five points I would communicate to others are: 1. Love and accept everyone including yourself 2. Laugh and be happy 3. Make a bucket list 4. Don’t hang onto the past 5. Don’t give up

Different forms of budgeting and their purpose

The intent of budgeting system is the set of processs used to function the demands of direction maps of planning and control that refers to the importance of communicating and motive as an facet of direction to which direction accounting should lend or develop. Budgeting systems have five ( 5 ) primary intents which include ; planning, easing communicating and coordination, apportioning resources, commanding net income and operations and measuring public presentation and supplying inducements. However, be aftering and control are the major activities in most administrations and budgets are at the Centre of these activities. The footings planning and control are used to propose that they mean the same thing, but they are two different constructs. Planing involves on persons who make up an administration to be after in front in other to accomplish those aims, whereas control involves in set uping budgets for different sections giving duties to single directors in the addition that the aims set down at the planning phase are all working toward that end through the parts of administration. Therefore, budgeting is important portion of planning and control because they both plan for the hereafter. A company public presentation determines by budgeting as a direction tool to back up motive, planning, communications and determination devising. Budget is a elaborate degree program which sets out, in money footings, where companies plan and maintain budget on either an accrual or hard currency footing. A budget is besides refers to as a fiscal footings or quantitative footings used to project future income and disbursals such as labour hours, stuff purchases, or units of gross revenues. Budgeting helps administrations implement specific schemes to run into ends and aims. Budgets are of class internal to the administration and like most direction accounting information, does non organize portion of the administration ‘s published fiscal statement. Hence, non everyone is responsible for fixing budgets, but everyone within an administration will be affected by them. ( Hugh Coombs, et.al, 2005, pg91 ) . Many senior direction duties are to enforce different budgets on different sections. Hence, if the readying of the budgets involves the employees in the administration at a lower degree so budgets is more likely to be accepted. These will do people work as a squad ensuing in increased motive. Employees will be more motivated with increase engagement and encouragement as this could besides be more good to hold a wages system such as addition on wages, publicities etc. All this will hold a large impact to the company and enables the company turn hence, if employees do n't acquire what they requested so, employees may disregard the system holding small importance to the concern and this could impact the aims of the company. In order to hold a successful budgeting, a good communicating should be efficaciously in order to run into marks and aims. Different types of budgets serve different intent. The type of budget includes maestro, capital, operating ( for income statement points comprised of gross and disbursals ) , fiscal ( for balance sheet points ) , gross revenues, capital, production and undertaking. These budgets are briefly explained below. Master Budget is the chief end product of a budgeting system. It is normally prepared yearly or quarterly. The maestro budget has three ( 3 ) constituents: the budgeted net income and loss history for the twelvemonth, the budgeted hard currency flow statement and the budgeted balance sheet. Operating and Financial Budgets the operating budget trades with how operations are carried out to bring forth an administration ‘s goods or services. The fiscal budget accent on how an administration will get fiscal resources during the budget period. Gross saless Budget is used to make company gross revenues ends that show the jutting gross revenues in units and the projected gross revenues gross. Capital Budget shows a anticipation of company demands in respect to capital assets, such as land, equipment, vehicles, edifices, and machinery. The capital budget helps the company program for acquisition and disposal of assets that include the usage of available hard currency or outside funding. Production Budget indicates the figure of units of services or goods that must be produced each budgeted period to run into gross revenues demands and to supply for the coveted stoping stock list. Undertaking Budget shows the anticipation of the costs associated with a peculiar company undertaking such as labor, stuffs and other related disbursals. The readying of budgets forces directors to believe about and program for the hereafter, which assumes to be the most of import characteristic of a budgetary planning and control system. This planning procedure encourages staffs from a administration to lend on regular footing to the formation of the overall program and to place possible troubles at an early phase. People ‘s personal budget allows them to cognize how much money they have to direct, how their financess are allocated to be after for the hereafter. A budget is tool usage to supply a agency of pass oning direction ‘s programs that guarantee all parts of the administration are kept to the full informed of the programs and of the policies. For illustration, if a household are traveling through a trouble with their budget, a good communicating will be a good tool to give a better apprehension of their budget. Furthermore, benefits of budget allow you to take the chance to cognize your exact fiscal place that kee ps the lines of communicating unfastened. Budgeting is one of the most of import direction constructs in modern concern administration. Harmonizing to Dawn ( 2003 ) , approximately 69 % companies in Europe still operate their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities with formalistic traditional budgeting systems. This has develop the hereafter an administration and its environment, organizing activities and undertakings, advancing communicating between sections and actuating employees ( Webber & A ; Linder, 2005 ) & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jcuedu.au/tldinfo/writingsskills/models/papers/ CO5103essay1.pdf & gt ; . Budgeting consumes excessively much clip and dearly-won to little concerns. For illustration, it could take 60 yearss for a large company to be after their budget.

Screening for Mental Health - 630 Words

One evidence-based intervention is designed by Screening for Mental Health [SMH], the program is called Signs of Suicide [SOS]. The Signs of Suicide program is an award winning program and it is also a nationally recognized program (). The Signs of Suicide program is designed for youth of various ages ranging from middle school and the way to high school (). This program helps students learn how to point out signs of depression and suicide in themselves or in their friends or family. This program recognizes the emotional distress that often follows the aftermath of a completed suicide. Suicide, according to the Signs of Suicide Program is both recognizable and treatable. A well-designed prevention program can educate the youth on how to spot the warning signs of depression, in people they love. The Signs of Suicide Program provides everyday risk management tools and information to judge, prevent and respond to signs of suicide (). 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